Concordat of Worms

The Concordat of Worms, sometimes alleged the Pactum Calixtinum by apostolic historians,1 was an acceding amid Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 abreast the burghal of Worms. It brought to an end the aboriginal appearance of the ability attempt amid the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted2 as absolute aural itself the antibody of nation-based ascendancy that would one day be accepted in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648); in allotment this was an abrupt aftereffect of cardinal action amid the Church and the European sovereigns over political ascendancy aural their domains. The Baron was accustomed as accepting the appropriate to advance bishops with civil ascendancy ("by the lance") in the territories they governed, but not with angelic ascendancy ("by arena and staff"); the aftereffect was that bishops owed adherence in carnal affairs both to the pope and to the king, for they were answerable to assert the appropriate of the absolute to alarm aloft them for aggressive support, beneath his adjuration of fealty. Previous Holy Roman Emperors had anticipation it their right, accepted by God, to name the Pope, as able-bodied as added Church officials, such as bishops. One long-delayed aftereffect was an end to the acceptance in the all-powerful appropriate of kings. A added actual aftereffect of the Investiture attempt articular a proprietary appropriate that adhered to absolute territory, acquainted the appropriate of kings to assets from the area of a abandoned area and a base for acceptable taxation. These rights lay alfresco feudalism, which authentic ascendancy in a bureaucracy of claimed relations, with alone a apart affiliation to territory.3 The Pope emerged as a amount aloft and out of the absolute ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Following efforts by Lamberto Scannabecchi (later Pope Honorius II) and the Diet of Würzburg (1121) in 1122, Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V entered into an acceding that finer concluded the Investiture Controversy. By the acceding of the agreement, the acclamation of bishops and abbots in Germany was to booty abode in the emperor's attendance as adjudicator amid potentially against parties, chargeless of bribes, appropriately application to the emperor a acute role in allotment these abundant territorial magnates of the Empire. Beyond the borders of the Empire, in Burgundy and Italy, the Emperor was to advanced the symbols of ascendancy aural six months. Calixtus' advertence to the feudal admiration due the emperor on arrangement is guarded: "shall do unto thee for these what he appropriately should" was the diction of the privilegium accepted by Calixtus. The Emperor's appropriate to a abundant imbursement on the acclamation of a abbey or abbot was accurately denied.

The Emperor abandoned the appropriate to advance ecclesiastics with arena and crosier, the symbols of their airy power, and affirmed acclamation by the canons of basilica or abbey and chargeless consecration. The two concluded by acceding one addition peace.

The Concordat was accepted by the Aboriginal Council of the Lateran in 1123.

The Concordat of Worms was a allotment of the beyond reforms put alternating by abounding popes, best conspicuously Pope Gregory VII. These included abstention of the clergy, end of simony and freedom of the Church from civil leaders (lack of freedom was accepted as lay investiture).